![]() Studies on large sample sizes over longer periods are lacking. Studies have revealed the effectiveness of mirror therapy for PLP in both clinical and home settings, but all had either only few weeks of follow-up or had a small number of patients. Mirror therapy was first reported by Ramachandran and Rogers in 1996 and is purported to relieve PLP by resolving visual-proprioceptive dissociation in the brain. However, the effects are neither lasting nor gratifying. Of the several modalities studied, few have been found to be helpful in reducing PLP. ![]() Nonpharmacological treatments such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation have also been used. Surgical and pharmacological modalities such as preemptive, preoperative, and immediate postoperative analgesia, acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and other medications have been used to relieve PLP. PLP can affect the individual's quality of life by the distress, physical limitation, and the disability that it may cause. PLP may be present in up to 72% of patients soon after surgery, may persist for years, and can be very bothersome. ![]() Phantom limb sensation, residual limb pain, and phantom limb pain (PLP) are not uncommon in amputees. In 1830, Charles Bell, a British physician, described phantom limb sensations in his monograph “The Nervous System of the Human Body.” While amputations have been recorded since time immemorial, the first mention of phantom limb phenomenon was in 1551 by Ambroise Paré (1510–1590), a French Military surgeon, who is called the father of the modern-day amputation surgery.
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